Watchmen Essay Topics

Watchmen Essay TopicsThere are many watchmen essay topics available online. The best way to choose a topic is to get your ideas together and then start writing.There are several excellent Watchmen essay topics that you can use. A good place to begin is with the narrative, which is always a good idea. You could then move on to the fiction, which is also a good topic for a thesis or dissertation.Sometimes, you will want to make a serious case for why one side of the debate is wrong, as well as a fun case for the other side. For example, some believe in positive thinking or the old adage, 'you are what you think.' A good Watchmen essay topic should make that argument clear and convincing.Watchmen essay topics are often less intellectual than many college courses. This means that you will need to work a little harder to make sure that you use every opportunity to educate yourself on the subject. If you were just reading the Watchmen comics, you may not understand a lot of the lingo or te chnical jargon that may be used in the essay.Once you have your Watchmen essay topics, it is a good idea to get a dictionary and some literature reviews to familiarize yourself with the subject matter. It is also a good idea to read other Watchmen essays and watch the TV show as well.Since there is an easy parody of Watchmen out there, you may want to use this instead of working on your own Watchmen essay topics. Another option is to use a Watchmen essay topic template that you can download from the Internet. This will help you avoid the complexity of getting your Watchmen essay topics down pat.Finally, you may find it helpful to have some other people read your Watchmen essay topics as well. This may help your classmates, family members or friends to get more involved in the project. They can also add their own opinions about the material if they have any.As you may already know, your essay topics are not the only thing that you will be writing. While the content is important, it i s the way that you deliver the information that counts. The first draft of your Watchmen essay topics can become quite long, but a little help along the way is good for your grades and for the quality of your final product.

Maggie a Girl of the Streets Research Paper Topics

Maggie a Girl of the Streets Research Paper TopicsA girl of the streets research paper topics might be more like a nightmare. At least you could do it without actually paying any attention to your surroundings and just accept that the world is a scary place. Some girls would have problems like missing friends or even not noticing that they have left home. And if they had to find a way to find their way out of this situation, they would seek help from their friend of the opposite sex.The trouble is that the girl's mind is under a lot of stress. They can feel the world will fall apart at any time and that they will be forever abandoned by their friends. For many of them, reading a good Maggie a girl of the streets research paper topics can help them release their mind from all these worries.The Maggie books are full of stories and many of the characters are the good-hearted people who just want to help their friends. If you are wondering where you could locate a good story, you can che ck them out on television, in the paper or online. You can also search for online sites that offer these booklets.As stated earlier, the girl of the streets research paper topics contain many stories and many of them are just as good as the ones found in the Maggie books. Of course, you will need a few friends who could help you in completing the assignment so that you can get the information in time.One of the best things about this genre of books is that they offer solutions to the problems of your girl's mind. This is not all that you will get though. It may just help you understand how to handle yourself better and have the ability to enjoy more than ever.Reading a good Maggie a girl of the streets research paper topics can provide you with tips to face issues that you were not able to see before. This is very important because you need to face the problems head on so that you can overcome them and emerge as a stronger person.Maggie a girl of the streets research paper topics ma y help you find a solution to a problem or to understand how to face the problems in your girl's mind. You can even gain some insights on how your girl would react to different situations. You will then be able to control yourself more easily, which will allow you to do your job well and be able to enjoy the things that you love doing.

The Death of Research Paper Sample

The Death of Research Paper Sample You need to make sure your letter is truly about letter paper you'd like to be sure you type your letter rather than handwriting and since it's obviously a stock that is larger it. It's possible for you to work on a paper or two each and every moment. You ought to avoid plagiarizing the work inside a sample paper and attempt to produce your own ideas once you thoroughly read the sample. Accurate reporting is required for replication studies that may be carried out later on. To be able to compose a paper, you must compose a research question. The introduction to a research paper may be the most challenging portion of the paper to write. The most essential part of the paper will incorporate a discussion about the present research being done on the subject. An analytic paper provides fresh ideas linked to the topic. The conclusion typically does not offer you new info, but instead summarizes the key points addressed in the paper. On the flip side, if you're writing for those who haven't any idea about the topic, it's important to include maximum explanations of fundamental ideas linked to the research you present. So, the one thing you need to do is simply to organize information you've found and texts you have written for your research. Type of Research Paper Sample Your research paper with annotated bibliography will be much simpler to write in case you have done your preparation up front to make certain you have all the data that you need. Citations and references aren't required. Annotated reference writing for your bibliography calls for a big quantity of information if your annotations must be written well. A title page isn't required in a typical MLA report. There are lots of things to take into consideration when planning a research. Moreover, there's an increasing concern whet her homosexuality is a consequence of nature or nurture and thus does this threaten the human society for a limit to the ordinary family formation and child-bearing. If you're planning to not just describe a particular problem or maybe to convey an idea to your readers but expect to market your private theory and get the approval of a respected scientific community, it's almost always vital to draw up a corresponding proposal where it's possible to describe exceptional moments and present certain ideas. The reasons could possibly be absolutely different. What Research Paper Sample Is - and What it Is Not Your own cover letter must be a small writing also the way you can aid the business succeed and that explains your accomplishments. If you're writing a paper about something you like, it's more probable that you'll be prosperous. You can be sure your cardstock will probably be ready within the time requested. Your writing talent or hobby can be employed to earn you money tha t will help you cover your day to day expenses. Order top-notch essay at this time and certified specialists will do their very best to supply you with higher quality at affordable price. The very best part is where you get to select your orders, clients, and bid for those orders. Thus, your introduction needs to be clear and precise. Crucial details like contact information education and working experience ought to be displayed upfront. The purpose is to persuade in different words convince the reader of the stance which you're taking on a specific subject. The essay will start with a description of metrics about the breadth of social media usage. While on the opposite hand, in dissertation you want to concentrate on his background work. An outline will help to adhere to all formal details of the research study. So, first of all, a college research paper has to be informative. Now you have a great idea of the way to hunt for college research paper topics, you're ready f or some suggestions. Expert ideas to boost your college writing. If you still feel you need help, even if you've managed to pick a topic, you may always employ a custom writing service to assist you produce a fabulous research paper of which you'll be proud and will guarantee you a nice mark. The actual folks highly praise our essay help site. If you're looking for top essay writing companies, try out the mentioned above. There are several essay writing services that think they're the very best, and therefore don't be cheated and check the authentic collection of the very best. The reason that lots of students struggle with their annotated bibliography research paper writing is they don't have the necessary notes they will need for their writing and have to return to their sources again and again to acquire the info they require. Another important dissertation vs thesis difference is that whether you have completed a thesis writing, then you are going to find a greater degree. Maybe, you are going to be limited by the topics regarding the guidelines given by your professor. In research, you must do independent research. Case studies and qualitative reports may have just a few participants or possibly a single participant. To a specific individual, but to several individuals your letter may not be addressed Sometimes enjoy a decision committee. A cover letter is able to make your program stick out. Each inspirational letter in retaliation must be distinctive and distinctive.

The Population Of The Planet Is Reaching Unsustainable

The population of the planet is reaching unsustainable levels as it faces a shortage of resources like water, fuel and food. Population expansion in less developed and developing countries is straining the already scarce resources. Overpopulation is the exasperating force behind global warming, environmental pollution, habitat loss, intensive farming practices, and the consumption of finite natural resources, such as fresh water, arable land and fossil fuels, at speeds faster than their rate of regeneration. Also, due to overpopulation, agricultural practices used to produce food necessary to feed the ever growing population, damages the environment through the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides. Overpopulation is†¦show more content†¦69). However, by exploiting the needs of society, the treadmill of consumption kicks in to gear and starts producing what is lacking at the expense of society which increases growth, inequality, and environmental consequ ences (Bell Ashwood, 2016, p. 85). Since population is causing overconsumption and resulting in unsustainable levels that the Earth cannot support, the treadmill of production is moving at an even faster rate in order to keep up (Bell Ashwood, 2016, p. 85). Overconsumption due to a growing population has caused society to neglect the environment in order to get ahead (Gould Lewis, 2015, p. 69). In fact, chemical pollution is the result of production when it comes to products such as corn, due to mechanical and electronic machinery being the primary materials used to produce corn/food for an increasing population ( Gould Lewis, 2015, p. 69). Not only pollution, but depletion of energy and natural resources in the environment have risen due to production technologies, especially in the instance of corn because of its use in foodstuffs and animal feed, which help provide sustenance for the growing population (Gould Lewis, 2015, p. 71). The treadmill of production in relation to p opulation seeks to increase buildings, land, machines, and work-force at the lowest cost in orderShow MoreRelatedGlobal Warming And The Unsustainable Views Of Achievement1227 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the industrial boom, humans began pulling in as many resources as they could and expanding humanity to the farthest reaches of the planet. With no more room nor reasons to expand, humans have now entered a new era of stagnancy. So why, after all this time, do we keep the same policies and ideologies of development and resource grabbing as we did during industrialization? Sustainable Development, according to the International Institute of Sustainable Development’s website, is â€Å"developmentRead MoreThe Green Revolution1629 Words   |  7 PagesThe human population has been growing exponentially ever since the Industrial Revolution. â€Å"Between 1800 and 2011, population size increased sevenfold† and it is only going to keep growing, reaching 10 billion by 2100 (L ee, 2011). New technologies have allowed societies to advance and multiply quicker than ever before due to new medicines and better access to basic necessities like food and water. The Green Revolution, which took place from the 1930’s to the 1960’s, indicates the development and modernizationRead MoreEvaluation Of Evaluating Distributed Goods After Manufacturing1158 Words   |  5 Pagesthe delivery of goods to warehouses adds to the pollution repeating with another delivery from there. The amount of consumption required to satisfy and pacify the consumers continues to build this until reaching exponential growth of instability making life unsustainable based on overgrown population extremes. The need for workers to produce those goods that is the consumer purchasing what is products made available to them. When you choke or starve the workers to the point of not having enough toRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution 1405 Words   |  6 Pagesallowed for increased human population sizes that could be sustained through improved agricultural methods that allowed for increased crop production, and also allowed for the development of cities. Humans were able to transform and control almost every aspect of their lives and generate what was needed to sustain larger populations. Following the Industrial Revolution human populations continued to increase and the need for natural resources also increased. Human populations used resources readily withoutRead MoreOverfishing Of The Worlds Ocean1757 Words   |  8 PagesOverfishing in the World’s Ocean Specific purpose: To persuade my audience that overfishing in the world’s oceans are a problem, and propose a policy to change and rectify the situation. Thesis: A global issue concerning the entire planet has arisen as we have overfished our world s oceans, and the solution to this problem is imperative in order to resolve this global problem. Pattern of organization: Problem/Solution Introduction [Attention Getter] How many of you enjoy seafood? How many of youRead MoreWater Conservation in the world1442 Words   |  6 PagesConsumption of global water has increased drastically since 1990, and many countries are reaching their limit of water supply (The Global Water Situation). World Bank reports that at least 80 countries now have a water shortage. It’s expected to get worse due to two significant problems that will effect our global water stability, population growth and groundwater depletion. Over the last century our population has grown from 1.7 billion to 6.6 billion. It is expected to increase by 45% in the nextRead MoreA Formula for Using Alternative Energy to Reduce Global Oil Dependency1579 Words   |  6 Pagesforms of energy are the rational solution for reducing global oil dependency, which will result in positive changes to the global environment and to global political affairs. Oil reserves are not a renewable resource, dependent as they are on the planet-forming forces that constitute a cycle that take eons to complete. Predictions about how long global oil supplies will last are made every few years. In 1999, the American Petroleum Institute estimated that global supplies of oil would be depletedRead MoreThe Ecosystem Of The Chesapeake Bay1973 Words   |  8 Pages† It is an aquatic system where salt and freshwater are constantly mixing. An estuary system is one of most active systems of the planet; it is a hybrid system that contains the best and worst qualities of the ocean, river, and lake systems it conglomerates. Estuaries are unique in nature because of their ability to be the most productive ecosystem on the entire planet; humans have attempted and failed to reach the productivity that estuaries naturally grant. There productivity lies it the constantRead MoreEssay on The Implementation of Sustainable Development3587 Words   |  15 Page sto advance the goals of sustainable development. This lack of action has often occurred because of a lack of practical objectives, changing priorities, and insufficient funding (Di Castri, 1997). Some critics say Agenda 21 has proven to be too far-reaching and ambitious a plan to be implemented: The resources that are available are in no way commensurate with the objectives to be reached. (Di Castri, 1997) Another hindrance to implementation has been that any government action following the EarthRead MoreEconomic Sustainability And Economic Development1913 Words   |  8 Pagesour planet’s unique biodiversity. Economic sustainability is defined by Cato as continued economic development while not degrading our planet’s ecology (Cato, 2011), however not all definitions accord such a large role to the ecological state of our planet. A neoclassical economist would define economic sustainability as continued economic development, or the ability to maintain a specific level of activity and prosperity indefinitely. Neoclassical economics accords less importance to the state of

Marine biologist (536 words) Essay Example For Students

Marine biologist (536 words) Essay Marine biologistMarine BiologistBiology, Chemistry, PhysicsMarine Biologists study the origins, behaviours, diseases, genetics and the life processes of animals and wildlife of the marine environment. Some marine biologists specialize in wildlife research and management, including the collection and analysis of biological data to determine the environmental effects of present and potential use of land and water areas. To become a marine biologist, you will need a bachelors degree in a biological science, a Masters in science in marine and environmental science, a Masters in public administration in Environmental Planning. You would also need to be good at mathematics, as marine biologists use maths every day when doing statistics. A marine biologist works in a variety of settings that can range from working in an aquarium to collecting underwater samples and data to working in a research lab. Everything marine biologists do is science. They need to be able to measure salinity, acidit y, light, oxygen content, and other physical conditions of water to determine their relationship to aquatic life. Marine biologists also need to identify, classify, and study structure, behaviour, ecology, physiology, nutrition, culture, and distribution of plant and animal species. To be a marine biologist, the best subjects to study would be prerequisite subjects. Assumed knowledge, in one or more of English, maths, biology, chemistry and physics are normally required. Some appropriate courses of study would be; * Aquaculture and Marine Biotechnology 4 years. * Coastal Management- 4 years. * Marine Biology and Ecology- 4 years. * Marine Geology and Coastal Processes- 4 years. Because there are so many topics one could study within the field of marine biology, many researchers select a particular interest and specialize in it. Specializations can be based on a particular species, organism, behavior, technique, or ecosystem. For example, marine biologists may choose to study a single species of clams, or all clams that are native to a climate or region. Marine life is a vast resource, providing food, medicine, and raw materials, in addition to helping to support recreation and tourism all over the world. At a fundamental level, marine life helps determine the very nature of our planet. Marine organisms contribute significantly to the oxygen cycle, and are involved in the regulation of the Earths climate.Shorelines are in part shaped and protected by marine life, and some marine organisms even help create new land. historyThe history of marine biology may have begun as early as 1200 BC when the Phoenicians began ocean voyages using celestial navigation. References to the sea and its mysteries abound in Greek mythology, particularly the Homeric poems The Iliad and The Odyssey. However, these two sources of ancient history mostly refer to the sea as a means of transportation and food source. It wasnt until the writings of Aristotle from 384-322 BC that specific references to marine life were recorded. Aristotle identified a variety of species including crustaceans, echinoderms, mollusks, and fish. He also recognized that cetaceans are mammals, and that marine vertebrates are either oviparous (producing eggs that hatch outside the body) or viviparous (producing eggs that hatch within the body). Because he is the first to record observations on marine life, Aristotle is often referred to as the father of marine biology.

Market Value Concept from an Economic Perspective

Basically, political economy and in particular Marxian economics, the concept of exchange value is traditionally employed to define one of the core aspects of a commodity. Some of the correlated concepts are price, use value and value. This shows that a product has; a value, an exchange value, use value and a price.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Market Value Concept from an Economic Perspective specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These attributes have an extensive history ranging from the era of Aristotle all the way to the period of David Ricardo. However, the entry of Marx concepts tilted the earlier concepts of exchange value. From an economic perspective value is presented as the worth of either goods or services as set or determined by the existing markets. However, this observation does not hold the real formulation of what is in essence defined as value. For years economists as well as other social scientis ts have attempted to link and estimate the significance of value in relation to individual. Similarly, this approach has over the years been extended to both goods and services being exchanged. Hence, such approach saw the development of such dynamic concepts as value in exchange as well as value in use. Thus, examining the argument presented by Kalman Applbaum in the article â€Å"Pharmaceutical Marketing† the concept of value is correlated to marketing and branding. As the article asserts individuals are willing to pay higher prices for a brand than for a helpful product (Applbaum 0446). This concept is thus widely employed by pharmaceutical companies. The core objective of such approach is to create more earnings from a brand value than from the products. What this means is that brand value dictates what the greater society consumes. Equally, this same approach is well illustrated by the manner coca cola brand is marketed. Basically, the brand value seems to be more profou nd than the product itself. This indicates that value can be measured as the set price of the given products. However, in regard to the argument presented by neoclassical economists, the value of any product is correlated to its price in relation to the free and competitive market. And the value is thus determined by the demand of the product relative to the market supply. Examining the approach etched in the pharmaceutical industry it can be argued that the market demand surpass the supply and this has played a critical role in establishing what is in essence value. In relation to value in use as well as brand value, these firms have opted to embrace the concepts developed by neoclassical economists.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, the elements of value are not linked to improving the innate consumption of humans but rather to attain the greatest profitable margin. Th e principal features which drive such an approach can be explained by the fact that brand value has over the years been used as the vehicle by corporations tied their hope (Applbaum 0447). Hence, this has resulted in a situation whereby brand value supersede the need for satisfying the innate needs of humans through provision of what anthropologists defines as human value. The scope of brand value is thus echoed by Robert J Foster in his article â€Å"The WORK OF THE NEW ECONOMY: Consumers, Brand, and Value Creation. The author observes that consumers tend to go for popular brands while the product manufacturers through elaborate marketing strategies exploit this window presented by brand value (Foster 708). Equally, this results in value creation which rests on brand value rather than on the product itself. Though, Foster seems to suggest that the creation of new values begins with innovation; it is evident that the natural flow of market demands creates values. Thus, in an econom ic perspective the intensity of value is compactly determined by price as well as the price attached to products whether goods or services. Another notable aspect examined by Foster revolves within the context of satisfying what is defined as surplus value. This concept is defined by Marxian theorists as a notion that attempts to define and explain market instability in regard to capitalism. Thus, this posits that human labor forms the foundation of economic value. Thus, exploring the argument presented in the article we find that the concept of surplus value is definitely less examined. This can be linked to the fact that modern corporations are more concerned in making profits rather than satisfying the market values. Hence, the creation of brand values which are becoming more potent than value in use. Comparing the explanations brought forward by both Foster and Applbaum it is evident that the concept of use value is less considered in the current society. This is elaborated in t he manner diverse organization are anchoring on massive marketing without examining the aspects of use-value which is in essence the qualitative characteristic of value, that is, the solid manner in which a product satisfy human needs.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Market Value Concept from an Economic Perspective specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Perhaps that is why Graeber argues that when we are talking of use value we tend to think that we are dealing with definite attributes such as tons of, dozens of or meters of (442). Basically, he notes that use-value correlated to commodities becomes real when the given commodity or product is used or consumed. According to Graeber the concept of value is predominantly defined differently economists (443). To his observations the concept of value have been restricted to market theories which are designed to produce mathematical satisfaction in relation to allocating l imit resources while pursuing profits. In essence, the core argument in his article suggests that the concept of value is based on market convenience rather than on satisfying the human needs. Hence he attempts to draw a parallel between what the anthropologists think of values and what economists take as value. From such an observation we are brought to the same sentiments voiced by Foster and Applbaum, exchange value seems to be the determinant factor in regard to what is assumed to be all inclusive. Thus, the scope of neoclassical economy is brought as being the modern measure of value, this approach assumes that human approaches calls for allocation of available resources in pursuit of limited resources. Yet exploring the dynamics of use value, brand value as well as surplus value, this concept fails to satisfy the innate needs of man. What this demonstrates is that the diverse economic projections witnessed have evolved to be restricted to the available resources or markets wit hout exploring other regions of improving on value. As noted in the article â€Å"The Work of the New Economy† the diverse attributes of what is defined as value can be said to be tied to profits This is also established by the massive marketing investments which have overtaken the noble cause of production. It ought to be noted that marketing is essential in building brand value and this has gone to the limit of misleading the consumers who rarely identifies the use value of the given product or services.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Graeber, â€Å"Value† Foster, â€Å"The Work of the New Economy† Applbaum, â€Å"Pharmaceutical Marketing† have all accepted that the scope of value is money-priced. This seems to be due to the emerging market demands which are not fully satisfied. Hence, the dynamics of value are not treated as processes of enhancing social well being rather the concepts of value are left to the domain of traditional social scientists. Thus, it becomes difficult to establish in essence what the core purpose of value is in the growing neoclassical economy. In conclusion, it is evident that the scope of value is the most disputed feature in regard to political economics. This can be allied to the fact that the hypothesis of exchange which rests on the porch of science happens to be the bridge linking problems allied to economics to problems social in nature. And this happens to be the pointer of exiting from the theoretical manipulation affecting the whole sphere of human economy . More so, its conceptual nature makes an objective approach quite complex for all those who have ventured into exploring the aspects of value in regard to human economy. Thus, the concept of market values in regard to exchange values though essential presents a mountain of queries than answers. As established by Graeber the concept of value compactly left behind as the political economists are more concerned with developing attributes that are profit oriented in regard to labor, pricing and distribution. And this seems to be the foundation laid by those advocating for neoclassical economy, that is, capitalist markets. Works Cited Applbaum, Kalman.Pharmaceutical Marketing.Pls Medicine 3.4. (2006):0445-0447. Foster, J Robert. The work of new economy. Cultural Anthropology 22.4 (2007):709- 729. Graeber, David. Value: anthropological theories of value. A handbook of economic  Anthropology. Oxford: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2005. This essay on Market Value Concept from an Economic Perspective was written and submitted by user Annabella K. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Supercomputers Essays

Supercomputers Essays Supercomputers Essay Supercomputers Essay A supercomputer is a computer that is at the frontline of current processing capacity, particularly speed of calculation. Supercomputers were introduced in the 1960s and were designed primarily by Seymour Cray at Control Data Corporation (CDC), which led the market into the 1970s until Cray left to form his own company, Cray Research. He then took over the supercomputer market with his new designs, holding the top spot in supercomputing for five years (1985–1990). In the 1980s a large number of smaller competitors entered the market, in parallel to the creation of the minicomputer market a decade earlier, but many of these disappeared in the mid-1990s supercomputer market crash. Today, supercomputers are typically one-of-a-kind custom designs produced by traditional companies such as Cray, IBM and Hewlett-Packard, who had purchased many of the 1980s companies to gain their experience. As of May 2010[update], the Cray Jaguar is the fastest supercomputer in the world. The term supercomputer itself is rather fluid, and todays supercomputer tends to become tomorrows ordinary computer. CDCs early machines were simply very fast scalar processors, some ten times the speed of the fastest machines offered by other companies. In the 1970s most supercomputers were dedicated to running a vector processor, and many of the newer players developed their own such processors at a lower price to enter the market. The early and mid-1980s saw machines with a modest number of vector processors working in parallel to become the standard. Typical numbers of processors were in the range of four to sixteen. In the later 1980s and 1990s, attention turned from vector processors to massive parallel processing systems with thousands of ordinary CPUs, some being off the shelf units and others being custom designs. Today, parallel designs are based on off the shelf server-class microprocessors, such as the PowerPC, Opteron, or Xeon, and coprocessors like NVIDIA Tesla GPGPUs, AMD GPUs, IBM Cell, FPGAs. Most modern supercomputers are now highly-tuned computer clusters using commodity processors combined with custom interconnects. Supercomputers are used for highly calculation-intensive tasks such as problems involving quantum physics, weather forecasting, climate research, molecular modeling (computing the structures and properties of chemical compounds, biological macromolecules, polymers, and crystals), physical simulations (such as simulation of airplanes in wind tunnels, simulation of the detonation of nuclear weapons, and research into nuclear fusion). A particular class of problems, known as Grand Challenge problems, are problems whose full solution requires semi-infinite computing resources. IBM SUPERCOMPUTERS According to the June 2010 TOP500 (link resides outside of ibm. com) List of Supercomputers, IBM continues to lead the list for the twenty-second consecutive time with the most installed aggregate performance. IBM has regained the lead with the most entries on the list with 196. IBM also leads the Top 10 for the twelfth consecutive time with a total of four of the systems including, the #3 system, the first system to sustain a petaflop of performance, which IBM built for the Roadrunner project at the Los Alamos National Lab. Other systems in Top 10 were the #5 IBM Blue Gene/P system at Forschungszentrum Juelich, with over 825 teraflops which is the most powerful supercomputer in Europe. The IBM Blue Gene/L at the US Department of Energy Lawrence Livermore National Lab, long time previous leader, is now the #8 system, and the #9 IBM Blue Gene/P at Argonne National Lab. IBM Offers: Unmatched expertise to help you solve your toughest problems due to our technology leadership in clustering, chip technology, Linux and support for a broad range of applications for your solution area. Improved flexibility provides you a full-scope infrastructure worldwide based on our vast portfolio spanning the widest range of platforms, architectures and operating systems. Faster implementations by applying our in-depth vertical expertise and broad range of deployment experience. Results that speak for themselves: IBM is supercomputing leader as provider of 27 of the worlds 100 most powerful supercomputers according to the most recent TOP500 Supercomputing Sites (link resides outside of ibm. com) ranking Awarded more patents than any other company for each of the last 17 years with 4,914 patents in 2009 alone. First to break the petaflop performance barrier. Leading energy-efficiency with 17 of 20 highest megaflops per watt systems. IBM7030 [pic] The IBM 7030, also known as Stretch, was IBMs first transistorized supercomputer. The first one was delivered to Los Alamos in 1961. Originally priced at $13. 5 million, its failure to meet its aggressive performance estimates forced the price to be dropped to only $7. 78 million and its withdrawal from sales to customers beyond those having already negotiated contracts. Even though the 7030 was much slower than expected, it was the fastest computer in the world from 1961 until the first CDC 6600 became operational in 1964. The IBM 7950 [pic] The IBM 7950, also known as Harvest, was a one-of-a-kind adjunct to the Stretch computer which was installed at the US National Security Agency (NSA). Built by IBM, it was delivered in 1962 and operated until 1976, when it was decommissioned. Harvest was designed to be used for cryptanalysis. ACS -1 The ACS-1 and ACS-360 are two related supercomputers designed by IBM as part of the IBM Advanced Computing Systems project from 1961 to 1969. Although the designs were never finished and no models ever went into production, the project spawned a number of organizational techniques and architectural innovations that have since become incorporated into nearly all high-performance computers in existence today. Many of the ideas resulting from the project directly influenced the development of the IBM RS/6000 and, more recently, have contributed to the Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC) computing paradigm used by Intel and HP in high-performance processors. BLUE GENE [pic] Blue Gene is a computer architecture project designed to produce several supercomputers, designed to reach operating speeds in the PFLOPS (petaFLOPS) range, and currently reaching sustained speeds of nearly 500 TFLOPS (teraFLOPS). It is a cooperative project among IBM (particularly IBM Rochester and the Thomas J. Watson Research Center), the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, the United States Department of Energy (which is partially funding the project), and academia. There are four Blue Gene projects in development: Blue Gene/L, Blue Gene/C, Blue Gene/P, and Blue Gene/Q. The project was awarded the National Medal of Technology and Innovation by U. S. President Barack Obama on September 18, 2009. The president bestowed the award on October 7, 2009. BLUE WATERS [pic] Blue Waters is the name of a petascale supercomputer being designed and built as a joint effort between the National Center for Supercomputing Applications, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and IBM. On August 8, 2007 the National Science Board approved a resolution which authorized the National Science Foundation to fund the acquisition and deployment of the worlds most powerful leadership-class supercomputer. The NSF is awarding $208 million over the next four and a half years for the Blue Waters project. CYCLOPS64 Cyclops64 (formerly known as Blue Gene/C) is a cellular architecture in development by IBM. The Cyclops64 project aims to create the first supercomputer on a chip. Cyclops64 exposes much of the underyling hardware to the programmer, allowing the programmer to wri te very high performance, finely tuned software. One negative consequence is that efficiently programming Cyclops64 is difficult. [citation needed] The system is expected to support TiNy-Threads (a threading library developed at the University of Delaware) and POSIX Threads DEEP BLUE [pic] Deep Blue was a chess-playing computer developed by IBM. On May 11, 1997, the machine won a six-game match by two wins to one with three draws against world champion Garry Kasparov. Kasparov accused IBM of cheating and demanded a rematch, but IBM refused and dismantled Deep Blue. Kasparov had beaten a previous version of Deep Blue in 1996. IBM Kittyhawk Kittyhawk is a new theoretical IBM supercomputer. The project was announced, which entails constructing a global-scale shared supercomputer capable of hosting the entire Internet on one platform as an application. Currently the Internet is a collection of interconnected computer networks. In 2010 IBM open sourced the Linux kernel patches that allow otherwise unmodified Linux distributions to run on Blue Gene/P. This action allowed the Kittyhawk system software stack to be run at large scale at Argonne National Lab. The open source version of Kittyhawk is available on a public website hosted by Boston University. MAGERIT [pic] Magerit is the name of the supercomputer which reached the second best Spanish position in the TOP500 list of supercomputers. This computer is installed in CeSViMa, Computer Science Faculty of the Technical University of Madrid. Magerit was installed in 2006 and reached the 9th fastest in Europe and the 34th in the world. It also reached the 275th position in the first Green500 list published. It is the second most powerful supercomputer designated for scientific use in Spain, after the Barcelona Supercomputing Center MareNostrum. Magerit is the ancient name of the current city of Madrid. The name comes from a fortress built on the Manzanares River in 9AD, and means Place of abundant water†. IBM Naval Ordnance Research Calculator (NORC) pic] The IBM Naval Ordnance Research Calculator (NORC) was a one-of-a-kind first-generation (vacuum tube) electronic computer built by IBM for the United States Navys Bureau of Ordnance. It went into service in December 1954 and was likely the most powerful computer at the time. The Naval Ordnance Research Calculator (NORC), was built at the Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory under the direction of Wallace Eckert. The computer was presented to the US Navy on December 2, 1954. At the presentation ceremony, it calculated pi to 3089 digits, which was a record at the time. The calculation took only 13 minutes. In 1955 NORC was moved to the Naval Proving Ground at Dahlgren, Virginia. It was their main computer until 1958, when more modern computers were acquired. It continued to be used until 1968. Its design influenced the IBM 701 and subsequent machines in the IBM 700 series of computers. PERCS PERCS (Productive, Easy-to-use, Reliable Computing System) is IBMs answer to DARPAs High Productivity Computing Systems (HPCS) initiative. The HPCS program is a three-year research and development effort. IBM was one of three companies, along with Cray and Sun Microsystems, that received the HPCS grant for Phase II. In this phase, IBM collaborated with a consortium of 12 universities and the Los Alamos National Lab to pursue an adaptable computing system with the goal of commercial viability of new chip technology, new computer architecture, operating systems, compiler and programming environments. IBM was chosen for Phase III in November 2006, and granted $244 million in funds for continuing development of PERCS technology and delivering prototype systems by 2010. Roadrunner [pic] Roadrunner is a supercomputer built by IBM at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, USA. Currently the worlds third fastest computer, the US$133-million Roadrunner is designed for a peak performance of 1. 7 petaflops, achieving 1. 026 on May 25, 2008 to become the worlds first TOP500 Linpack sustained 1. 0 petaflops system. It is a one-of-a-kind supercomputer, built from off the shelf parts, with many novel design features. In November 2008, it reached a top performance of 1. 456 petaflops, retaining its top spot in the TOP500 list. It is also the fourth-most energy-efficient supercomputer in the world on the Supermicro Green500 list, with an operational rate of 444. 4 megaflops per watt of power used. IBM Sequoia The Sequoia is a petascale Blue Gene/Q supercomputer being constructed by IBM for the National Nuclear Security Administration as part of the Advanced Simulation and Computing Program (ASC). It is scheduled to go online in 2011 at qpetaflops was more than the combined performance of the top 500 supercomputers in the world, about 20 times faster than then reigni ng champion Roadrunner. It will also be twice as fast as Pleiades, a proposed supercomputer built by SGI at NASA Ames Research Center SHAHEEN [pic] Shaheen consists primarily of a 16-rack IBM Blue Gene/P supercomputer owned and operated by King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST). Built in partnership with IBM, Shaheen is intended to enable KAUST Faculty and Partners to research both large- and small-scale projects, from inception to realization. Shaheen, named after the Peregrine Falcon, is the largest and most powerful supercomputer in the Middle East and is intended to grow into a petascale facility by the year 2011, Originally built at IBMs Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York, Shaheen was moved to KAUST in mid-2009. The father of Shaheen is Majid Al-Ghaslan], KAUSTs founding interim chief information officer and the Universitys leader in the acquisition, design, and development of the Shaheen supercomputer. Majid was part of the executive founding team for the University and the person who also named the machine. Super computers [pic] Submitted by: Hina maheshwari BBM 3rd year 087518 Uses of Supercomputer Since its creation in the 1960s, the supercomputer has been used by a variety of large companies and colleges in an effort to conduct research that otherwise would not be possible. Because supercomputers can crunch numbers at a far superior rate than humans as well as work in a multidimensional way, the devices are essential to modern studies and research. 1) Quantum Mechanics Supercomputers are used heavily in the processing of information on quantum mechanics. They are used to study physical systems at the atomic level. 2) Weather Large-scale weather forecasting, such as that of global climate change, needs to use supercomputers in order to take into account globally changing conditions. 3) Modeling Intensive modeling is conducted using supercomputers. This is useful for molecular studies, polymer research, chemical composition and simulations such as wind tunnel research. 4) Military Military applications are very elaborate. From organizing war games to studying the effects of nuclear detonations on a large scale, many militaries across the planet use supercomputers. The Role and Importance of super Computers is hidden from no one. Yet The use of Super Computers has been limited to only a handful of nations in the world who have this expertise. In India the The Saga of Super Computer Dates backs to 80s when India was denied the Cray Super Computer. Since then India has made Several Indegenious Efforts which have been Highly successful. The Use of Super computers in Military is an All Together New Concept which has unleashed a new Era of Military Super Computing With India Signing the Nuclear Deal, It has become an urgent requirement to devise means that can test and simulate our weapons and one such application is Nuclear testing. As the readers might know the Indian Super Computing Efforts are centred around CDAC, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune which has developed the PARAM series of Super Computers. India has achieved the capability through which it can Actually Test a Nuclear Detonation and Without the fear of Sanctions Improve its Weapon Parameters. 5) Grand Challenge Unsolved problems (known as Grand Challenge problems) are frequently the subject of supercomputer use. Examples of this include mathematical problems and protein-folding techniques.